Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric CHARACTERISTICS of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Use of soy products in sesame cream composition led to produce nutritious and healthy product with better quality and quantity. In this study, the effect of replacing soy meal instead of sesame in producing sesame cream to reduce fat and increase the protein content and the use of lecithin as emulsifier to improve rubbibility on chemical, physical properties and sensory evaluation was examined. Replacement percent of soy meal (0, 20, 30 and 40 percent) and lecithin (7, 5, 0 and 10 % w/w) was considered in the formulation. By increasing soya meal and lecithin replacements, changes in fat, protein, hardness, color (l *, b *, a *) was significant. In soy meal replacing, significant moisture difference (p<0.05) was not reported. The treatment with 20 percent soy meal and 10 percent lecithin in terms of physical and sensory properties obtained highest score and evaluated as the optimal sample and treatments with 40% and soy flour and 10% lecithin in terms of the chemical properties due to increasing protein content and reducing the amount of fat was considered as the optimal treatment.

Historically, growth of each city was dependent on it’s natural, ecological, economic and political potentials leading to homogeneous spatial-physical structure of the city. The slowness of this growth was another factor which has been harmonizing the interaction between human life and spatial-physical structure of the city.The area which is now referred to as an old TEXTURE of city had a perfect and efficient urban life during ancient time. It’s perfection and efficiency were resulted from human and environmental interaction leading to a balance due to speculation and frequent trial and errors of several generations. Not only the old TEXTURE of city in Iran pertains an ambiguity in its definition and actual territory in urban structure, but also it implies some negative concepts such as deterioration, inefficiency and reluctance in it.After the industrial revolution, due to impacts of industrialization and globalization, most cities faced tremendous changes in cultural and socio-economic aspects of urban life. The result of these changes has been much more obvious in historic and old district of the city leading to diverse problems and also inefficiencies in urban life. In Iran, transposition of traditional society to modern one, have made many pleasant and unpleasant influences on our life style, behavior as well as cultural patterns and also on spatial and physical structure of cities and buildings. Due to disappearance of traditional urbanization in Iran, spatial-physical structure of cities have been changed and by prevalence of motor vehicles in urban life and their consequent changes in geometry of urban circulation have become more obvious. It seems that since Iranian society has experienced transposition of traditional to modern society without any scientific, cultural, educational and artistic infrastructures, the most of the problems are related to the old TEXTURE of city in Iran which has resulted from inadequate recognition and understanding of its character, capabilities as well as cultural, socio-historic and architectural heritage further disabling it to adopt contemporary urban life. Besides, most of the challenges which has been faced in the rehabilitation of old TEXTURE in historic cities of Iran, are not unique; however, the magnitude of the issues is compounded by the size of the old area in each city, the excessive rapid growth of the city and the precarious nature of the urban structure. Pragmatic approaches and flexible mechanisms are needed to create opportunities for the growth and capable development of driving the area’s economy, in order to attract new urban life, investment and ensure that the benefits of growth are equitably distributed. As the city continues to grow, the social and economic issues facing planners and city officials will become increasingly complex to negotiate and resolve. The greatest challenge is the elaboration of a comprehensive understanding of development process of the city that will promote local growth objectives in light of its physical, social, political and economic CHARACTERISTICS.It is decided in this paper to depict a clear definition of old TEXTURE of the city in Iran is presented and its spatial-physical CHARACTERISTICS are analyzed.

Introduction: Roasting is one of the processing steps involved in the nut industry to improve the flavor, color, TEXTURE and overall acceptability of the product. Ppeanut is a fruit or pod of the order Leguminosae and contains 47-50% oil, 25-30% protein and is an essential source of minerals and vitamins; thus it makes a substantial contribution to human nutrition. Peanuts are readily acceptable as a cheap protein source and popular snack item that can be eaten alone or combined with other foods. Recently, peanuts have gained much attention as functional food and roasted peanuts is one of the most popular snack foods, in which roasting is a key step in the process and directly impacts the quality (crispness, taste, and flavor) and shelf-life of the final product. …

Background and Aim: Job enrichment is a method that has been used to increase employee satisfaction and work motivation. The Hackman and Oldham job CHARACTERISTICS model (1976) has served as the foundation for many job enrichment efforts. In particular, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of the job CHARACTERISTICS-job satisfaction relations. Te purpose of this study was to statistically determine the relation between job CHARACTERISTICS and job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2007. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one, including 6 TUMS-affiliated hospitals-Emam, Shariati, Baharlo, Ziaeian, Madaen and Azadi. The sample size was 400, consisting of 200 administrative employees (50%), 151 nurses (38%) and 49 physicians (12%). The random sampling and stratified proportional sampling methods were used to select the hospitals and interviewees, respectively. Two questionnaires were developed and used to identify job CHARACTERISTICS and job satisfaction: 1) job diagnostics surveys (JDS) and 2) Hertzberg's job satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by test-retest using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.88). Linear-by-linear association and ordinal logistics regression analysis were used for analyzing the data gathered.Results:The relations between the Motivational Potential Score (MPS) and job CHARACTERISTICS (except for feedback) with job satisfaction were statistically significant (p<0.05). Task identity was the most effective determinant of job satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that all the job CHARACTERISTICS (except feedback) are important determinants of job satisfaction of the hospital employees. Although the work environment is in need of restructuring, it is important to note, from a positive perspective, that the job CHARACTERISTICS discussed in this study are readily amenable to change job satisfaction at the organizational level.

The inclusion of historical cities in the world heritage list provides a significant advantage in demonstrating these cultural monuments on a national and international scale. It is only natural for all countries to strive for the registration of their historical and cultural landmarks on this prestigious list. However, the crucial question arises: does registration on the World Heritage List mark the culmination of efforts, or does it signify the commencement of a more critical mission focused on preserving the original and significant values of these sites, which have developed and flourished within their cultural and social contexts over time? It is evident that the establishment of a comprehensive work management program post-global registration, along with the monitoring of its implementation, holds paramount importance. This significance is heightened when considering cities and their historical TEXTUREs; cities serve as the stage for the interaction and confrontation of the physical elements of the urban landscape with the social dimensions of human life, the natural components of the environment, and the artificial aspects of the surroundings, encapsulating human presence across psychological, social, economic, cultural, aesthetic, and other realms. Therefore, any decision aimed at enhancing the state of a city must prioritize the human element as the most crucial factor, underscoring the significance of non-physical aspects in the rejuvenation of historical cities. Furthermore, what becomes apparent in historical TEXTUREs and their restoration post-registration on national and world heritage lists is the fulfillment of responsibilities by urban authorities. This implies that programs following the registration of sites often exhibit several CHARACTERISTICS; they do not ensure the desired outcomes, lack a holistic approach to restoration and revitalization in their development and formulation, and are devoid of adequate organizational backing or continuous monitoring and refinement. Hence, in general, the acceleration of changes and sometimes damage to historical structures occurs after their registration. The city of Yazd is no exception to this phenomenon, as the changes following the world registration of its TEXTURE have been rapid, uncontrolled, and emotionally driven, resulting in incorrect interventions. The unregulated and indiscriminate presence of tourists has also had a detrimental impact on the local way of life. Additionally, the creation of added value through real estate disposal has significantly reduced the occupancy rate in this area. The conversion of small urban units into non-authentic uses has further eroded the authenticity and integrity of the TEXTURE, while physical interventions in passages and arteries have transformed this area from a historical axis into a display of light, patterns, and designs, with the original life becoming less visible, if not completely absent. However, according to the accepted principles of restoration, the preservation of the identity and original nature of the TEXTURE is the foremost and most crucial aspect.  This preservation should encompass economic, social, cultural, anthropological, physical, and functional considerations. Any violation of this important principle during the registration process, after it, or during the revitalization of the affected TEXTURE would result in damage and complications. Moreover, the purpose of registering any work is to show its unique CHARACTERISTICS to the world. If this registration leads to the weakening of these values, it fundamentally contradicts the purpose and not only fails to contribute to the revival of the TEXTURE but also causes irreparable harm in the long term.   Introduction The historical TEXTURE of Yazd was officially registered as a world heritage on July 18, 2017, during the 41st meeting of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Krakow, Poland. The process of world registration for Yazd began in 2010 and was solidified in 2015. The "Comprehensive Protection Plan of Yazd Historical TEXTURE," established in 2008, played a crucial role in the preparation of the city's world registration file. It is important to note the emphasis placed on social values, local community, native architecture, and urban planning in the historical TEXTURE of Yazd. However, more than a decade after its world registration, there seems to be a lack of consistency in implementing plans to preserve the local, urban, and national values associated with this world heritage site.  These capabilities, encompassing both tangible and intangible values, hold great significance as they serve as the primary motivation and means to preserve and perpetuate all cultural heritages, including historical TEXTUREs. These values can be found either overtly or covertly within them. The correct social relations, specific spatial relations, organic development of the TEXTURE, population composition, diversity of generations and racial composition, and above all, the natural flow of residents' lives, are among the most crucial values and prevailing norms within the historical TEXTURE of Yazd. Together with numerous other factors, these values have shaped the TEXTURE of the city. Now, the question arises: How does the world registration of a historical TEXTURE or heritage site, along with its associated policies and management, strengthen or weaken the values within the site? Does the mere registration of a site on the World Heritage list imply protection? Does it have any impact? The global registration of a site is just one part of the overall process of protecting the site. What steps should be taken after registration? In this article, based on field observations, we aim to provide a concise analysis of the state of the historical TEXTURE of the city following its global registration, and the objective changes that have occurred by accepted preservation guidelines. While our intention is not to provide specific conservation solutions, our analysis, based on a conservation pathology approach, can help identify the underlying principles for effective conservation strategies and prevent the transformation of the historical TEXTURE and its inherent values.   Conclusion The inclusion of a world heritage list for historical TEXTUREs is a positive step towards bringing attention to them on a national and international scale. However, it should not be viewed as the ultimate objective. Rather, the completion of the world registration process should mark the commencement of strategic, well-informed, and scientifically-driven management planning that considers all facets of the TEXTURE, both tangible and intangible. This management plan must be designed with short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals in mind, grounded in practicality rather than unrealistic aspirations. It is essential to establish specific administrative bodies tasked with defining and overseeing activities to ensure effective implementation. Periodically, the outcomes of the interventions are evaluated, focusing on physical, cultural, and social impacts. Potential shortcomings and strengths of the plans are identified, leading to adjustments in the management plan for the subsequent phases. Disregarding the involvement of the local community is the most significant drawback of such initiatives. Without fostering civic engagement among the locals, the projects are bound to fail. Moreover, if the community does not comprehend the objectives and initiatives based on their perspectives and requirements, their participation will be minimal.

In order to study the effects of soil TEXTUREs and super absorbent polymer rates on yield of flower, corm and stigma and other growth CHARACTERISTICS of saffron, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized completed block design with three replications at the outdoor area of the greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two years of 2010 and 2011. The experimental treatments were three soil TEXTUREs in fine to coarse ranges such as sandy loam, loam, clay loam and super absorbent polymer rates such as zero, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 weight percentage based on dry weight of soil. Traits including emergence rate of leaf, duration of flowering, dry weight of corm, number and fresh weight of flower and dry weight of stigma for saffron measured and calculated. The results showed that the simple effects of soil TEXTUREs and super absorbent polymer rates were significant on emergence rate of leaf, flowering rate, dry weight of corm, number and fresh weight of flower and dry weight of stigma for saffron (p£0.01). The highest stigma yield with 0.94 g.m-2 was recorded in sandy loam that it was higher that loam and clay loam with 30 and 49%, respectively. By increasing in super absorbent from 0 to 0.8% enhanced dry weight of stigma. Since saffron fields in arid and semi arid climatic conditions have clay TEXTURE with relatively low moisture content, super absorbent application might increase growth and yield due to accelerating in initiation of flower harvest from saffron farm.

Background and Objectives: Aloe vera plant mainly grows in dry areas due to having abundant medicinal and nutritional properties, can be used as a natural food additive. This research aims to determine the impact of aloe vera gel powder in tissue (TEXTURE) and shelf life of sponge cake, so that more beneficial products with better tissue quality can be produced.Materials & Methods: Aloe vera gel powder was added to the flour in three levels of 2, 4 and 6% compared to the regular cake flour, then water absorption properties and rheological CHARACTERISTICS of dough was measured. In the next step, the cakes are prepared with the desired size, then histological CHARACTERISTICS can be measured. The sensory CHARACTERISTICS and microbial properties of produced samples are then compared to the control.Results: The results indicated that Aloe vera gel powder controls the activity of the microorganisms, mold, and yeast in sponge cakes during maintenance, therefore it has anti-bacteria properties. Results The Aloe Vera powder has been shown to control the activity of microorganisms, mold and yeast in a sponge cake during storage, thus having antimicrobial properties. The results of the TEXTURE properties of the cakes indicate that the firmness of the samples containing 2% of the Aloe Vera powder was reduced during storage, adding the powder increased the brightness and redness of the colored cakes at 2 and 4 percent. In evaluating sensory evaluations, there was a significant difference between the form, the form and the overall acceptance, which obtained the highest score in the overall assessment of 2%.Conclusion: In General, the positive effect of Aloe Vera gel powder on improving the properties of dough and cake samples, it is recommended to be combined with food such as sponge cake to improve the quality and increase the nutritional value of the product.

Stress relaxation has traditionally been employed as one of the principal means for measuring the viscoelastic behavior of foods. The objective of this study was to determine the TEXTURE profile analysis and stress relaxation CHARACTERISTICS of carrot sponge cake formulated with four different levels of guar gum (0, 0. 25, 0. 5 and 0. 75 %). TEXTURE profile analysis results showed a decrease in the carrot cake consistency, gumminess and chewiness with increasing the level of gum. The consistency and hardness values decreased from 4773. 11 to 2260. 60 g. s and 915. 45 to 458. 54 g with increasing guar gum levels from 0 to 0. 75 %, respectively. The results showed that mechanical stress relaxation data of carrot sponge cakes were fitted well by both the Peleg-Normand and four-element Maxwell models. The F0 (initial force) and %SR (percentage stress relaxation) parameter of carrot sponge cakes decreased with increasing gum concentration (P<0. 05). Although all decay forces (F1, F2, F3 and F4) of the carrot sponge cakes obviously decreased with increasing guar gum concentration. The elasticity of the carrot sponge cakes was the highest at 0. 75% guar gum concentration.

Introduction: Cyerus rotundus is a perennial weed of the Cyperaceae family spread throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. It is a C4 and fast-growing plant that replicates rapidly through the extensive underground system and tuber. This weed causes damage to more than 92 countries and 50 crop species. In this regard, it is considered as the most damaging weed in the world. The amount of damage varies depending on the crop. One of the most important CHARACTERISTICS of purple nutsedge is the production of the tuber. According to available studies, burial depth of tuber plays an important role in the emergence of the onset of the competition period. Among the physical properties of the soil, soil TEXTURE plays an important role on plant growth CHARACTERISTICS, development of underground organs, especially in tuber plants and the amount of water penetration and maintenance. So, given the importance of accurately recognizing the biology and the ability to reproduce of nutsedge in its management, this research is also intended to study the effect of burial depths and the soil TEXTURE on the growth of purple nutsedge. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effects of soil TEXTURE and burial depth on purple nutsedge vegetative CHARACTERISTICS, a trial was conducted at Kerman Natural Resources and Agricultural Research Center, using factorial statistical method and experimental design of randomized complete blocks at three replications. The first factor was burial depth at five levels (2, 12, 22, 32 and 42 cm) and second factor was soil TEXTURE at three levels (sandy loam, silty loam and clay loam). The traits of emergence percentage, the time of emergence, the number of produced tubers and dry weight of the underground organs were measured at 130 days after planting. For this purpose, the pots and dumps were emptied, then the underground organs were separated and placed in paper envelopes and finally, paper envelopes were placed in oven with temperature of 75° C for 72 hours. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9. 1 software. Figures are also plotted by Sigmaplot v. 12 and Excel v. 2013. Results and Discussion: The results showed that emergence time, germination percentage, underground organ dry weight and tuber numbers were affected by depth of planting and soil TEXTURE. Emergence of C. rotundus was faster in sandy soil and at a lower depth, so that the tubers grew in the sandy loam soil at a depth of 2 cm 7/7 days after planting (the shortest time), and silty loam and clay loam were ranked next lowest. Understanding ecology of germination and weed emergence plays an important role in their management. With increasing depth of sowing, the percentage of germination in the tested soil TEXTURE decreased. So that the maximum amount of germination (85%) was obtained at 2 cm depth of sandy loam soil and the lowest germination percentage was observed at depths > 32 cm in silty loam and clay loam soils and the depth of 42 cm of sandy loam soil encountered with no germination and emergence of seedling. According to the results, the underground organ dry weight of C. rotundus in the TEXTUREs and depths of the soil was quite different. In sandy loam, the highest underground dry weight was obtained at the 2 cm depth and the lowest was at 42 cm depth (0) of sandy loam. The highest underground dry weight of the tuber (63. 6 g) was observed at 12 cm depth and the lowest (0) was obtained at 32 and 42 cm depths. The results showed the highest tubers number was observed at 2 cm depth of sandy loam soil and the lowest was obtained at 42 cm depth of sandy loamy and 32 cm and 42 cm depth of sandy loamy. The number of tubers decreased with increasing planting depth in all three TEXTURE types. The highest percentage of tuber production in heavy TEXTUREs (silty loam and clay loam) was formed in layers of 2 to 12 cm of the soil. Conclusion: The results showed that with increasing depth in all three types of soil TEXTURE, all the growth CHARACTERISTICS of purple nutsedge significantly reduced. More than 80% of the distribution and dispresal of underground organs was formed at a depth of 2 to 12 cm. The percentage of emergence decreased by 100 % at 32 and 42 cm depths of clay loam and silty loam. It seems that, the lack of emergence at the high soil depth is due to disruption of gas exchanges and lack of light. Given the importance of tubers in reproduction of this plant, this should be considered in management strategies. The deep plowing by delaying the emergence and growth and decreasing the production of reproductive organs (rhizome and tuber) of purple nutsedge can be considered as a management option. This weed has high emergence ability in the sandy loam soils due to high permeability and porosity.